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Showing posts from February, 2012

Have you ever think about the germs that around you everyday make your alive or die!

I know if i mention about the germ you might focus only about it bad point. Yes in fact, Some of them are good and some are bad. Now I want to widen your knowledge about those little tiny things. You know! Microbes are so cute is you guy look deeply in it and try to understand about those life. It was like a miracle to found out about it. Let's start take a tour with me. Close your eyes and think through the following: inside your intestines, in your mouth and on your skin, there inside more than 100 000 000 000 000 microbial cells-100-fold more than the numbers of cells that make up the human body. We are not conscious of these colleagues any more than we are conscious of passing them round every time we shake hands, speak or touch a surface. Inoculation with just one microbes of the wrong type in the wrong way may kill you, yet we tolerate and indeed thrive on constant appropriate exposure to this unseen world.  Because microbes are generally hidden from our senses, an appreciati

Blood types chart

Blood is the river of life, which courses through our bodies. It is the medium through which nutrients and oxygen are transported to each and every part of the body and waste is taken out. It also functions as the defense mechanism, through antigen mechanism present in red blood cells and the white blood cells. When blood transfusion, that is blood transfer from one man to another, was attempted, it was discovered that there are blood types! You cannot randomly transfer blood from one man to another without checking if their blood types match. This article explains why it's important to have a blood type test and how a blood group is determined. A ready reference in the form of a blood types chart has been provided, which indicates blood transfusion compatibility. How is a Blood Type Determined? Why are there blood types? How is a blood type determined? Before we talk about a blood types chart, let us find answers to these questions. To understand why there are  blood types  and

The Classic Stage of Clinical Infections

As the body of the host responds to the invasive and toxigenic activities of a parasite, it passes through four distinct phases of infection and disease: the incubation period, the prodromium, the period of invasion, and the convalescent period. The incubation period is the time initial contact with the infectious agent (at the portal of entry) to the appearance of the first symptoms. During the incubation period period the agent is multiplying at the portal of entry but has not yet caused enough damage to elicit symptoms. Although this period is relatively well defined and predictable for each microorganism, it does vary according to host resistance, degree of virulence, and distance between the target organ and the portal of entry (the farther apart, the longer the incubation period). Overall, an incubation period can range from several hours in pneumonic plague to several years in leprosy. The majority of infections, however, have incubation periods ranging between 2 and 30 days.

ការផ្តល់ដង្ហើមសិប្បសិម្មិត

របៀបផ្តល់ដង្ហើមសិប្បនិមិ្មត អ្នកនឹងអាចជួបនូវហេតុការណ៌ជាយថាហេតុដែលតម្រូវអោយអ្នកធ្វើការសង្គ្រោះជនរងគ្រោះជា បន្ទាន់តាមដែលអ្នកអាចធ្វើ​ បាន! ការរផ្តល់ដង្ហើមសិប្បនិម្មិត គេអាចធ្វើសូម្បីតែនៅពេលជនរងគ្រោះនៅដង្ហើមខ្សោយផ្តឹកៗមិនទាន់ ដាច់ខ្យល់ក៏អាចធ្វើបានដែរ។​ នៅពេលអ្នកផ្តល់ដង្ហើមសិប្បនិម្មិត អ្នកត្រូវផ្លុំខ្យល់ដង្ហើមចេញអោយ ស្របនិងការដកដង្ហើមរបស់ជនរងគ្រោះ។​ ជំហានទី១ ·        ដាក់ជនរងគ្រោះអោយដេកផ្ងា មុខឡើងលើ ·        ការឆ្លើយតប-តើជនរងគ្រោះដឹងខ្លួនរឺទេ? ·        ពិនិត្យមើលចលនាដើមទ្រូងដាក់ត្រចៀករបស់អ្នកលើមាត់របស់ជនរងគ្រោះ ដើម្បីពិនិត្យមើលដង្ហើម។​ ·        ហៅរកជំនួយ។​ ជំហានទី២ លើកចង្កាឡើង បើសិន ក​ ជនរងគ្រោះគ្មានរបួស ·        ផ្អៀងក្បាលជនរងគ្រោះដើម្បី “ ហិតក្លិន ” (មានក្លិនអ្វីចេញមករឺទេ) ដោយយកដៃម្ខាង ទៀតទ្រ ក របស់គាត់ចុះ ក្រោម។​ ·        សង្កត់អណ្តាត និង​ចង្ការបស់ជនរងគ្រោះនៅចន្លោះម្រាមដៃរបស់អ្នក រួចជូតសំអាត វត្ថុដែលនៅជាប់ក្នុងមាត់របស់គាត់ចេញដោយប្រើម្រាមដៃ និង កូនកន្សែងដៃហើយ ពិនិត្យមើលអណ្តាតរបស់គាត់កុំឲធ្លាក់ទៅក្រោយ។​ ជំហានទី៣ ច្របាច់ច្រមុះជនរងគ្រោះឲជិតរួចដកដង្ហើមរបស់អ្នកឲវែង ដាក់មាត់របស់

The History of Gram Stain or A grand stain

Specific Immunity

1.      Development of Lymphocyte specificity/receptors A. Acquired immunity involves the reactions of B and T lymphocytes to foreign molecules, or antigens. Before they can react, each lymphocyte must undergo differentiation into its final functional type by developing protein receptors for antigen, the specificity of which is genetically controlled and unique for each type of lymphocyte. B. The Clonal selection theory explains this process. Genetic recombination and mutation during embryonic and fetal development produce billions of different lymphocyte clones, each bearing a different receptor. This provides a huge lymphocyte repertoire required to react with antigens.  C.   Tolerance to self, the elimination of any lymphocytes clone that can attack self, occurs during this time. D. The receptors on B cells are immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules, and receptors on t cells are smaller glycoprotein molecules. E. Other receptors needed in recognition are go